# Authoring Multi-Project Builds

version 6.5-milestone-1

The powerful support for multi-project builds is one of Gradle’s unique selling points. This topic is also the most intellectually challenging.

A multi-project build in gradle consists of one root project, and one or more subprojects that may also have subprojects.

## Cross project configuration

While each subproject could configure itself in complete isolation of the other subprojects, it is common that subprojects share common traits. It is then usually preferable to share configurations among projects, so the same configuration affects several subprojects.

Let’s start with a very simple multi-project build. Gradle is a general purpose build tool at its core, so the projects don’t have to be Java projects. Our first examples are about marine life.

### Configuration and execution

Build phases describes the phases of every Gradle build. Let’s zoom into the configuration and execution phases of a multi-project build. Configuration here means executing the `build.gradle` (or `build.gradle.kts`) file of a project, which implies e.g. downloading all plugins that were declared using ‘`apply plugin`’ or a `plugins` block. By default, the configuration of all projects happens before any task is executed. This means that when a single task, from a single project is requested, all projects of multi-project build are configured first. The reason every project needs to be configured is to support the flexibility of accessing and changing any part of the Gradle project model.

#### Configuration on demand

The Configuration injection feature and access to the complete project model are possible because every project is configured before the execution phase. Yet, this approach may not be the most efficient in a very large multi-project build. There are Gradle builds with a hierarchy of hundreds of subprojects. The configuration time of huge multi-project builds may become noticeable. Scalability is an important requirement for Gradle. Hence, starting from version 1.4 a new incubating 'configuration on demand' mode is introduced.

Configuration on demand mode attempts to configure only projects that are relevant for requested tasks, i.e. it only executes the `build.gradle[.kts]` file of projects that are participating in the build. This way, the configuration time of a large multi-project build can be reduced. In the long term, this mode will become the default mode, possibly the only mode for Gradle build execution. The configuration on demand feature is incubating so not every build is guaranteed to work correctly. The feature should work very well for multi-project builds that have decoupled projects. In “configuration on demand” mode, projects are configured as follows:

- The root project is always configured. This way the typical common configuration is supported (allprojects or subprojects script blocks).

- The project in the directory where the build is executed is also configured, but only when Gradle is executed without any tasks. This way the default tasks behave correctly when projects are configured on demand.

- The standard project dependencies are supported and makes relevant projects configured. If project A has a compile dependency on project B then building A causes configuration of both projects.

- The task dependencies declared via task path are supported and cause relevant projects to be configured. Example: `someTask.dependsOn(":someOtherProject:someOtherTask")`

- A task requested via task path from the command line (or Tooling API) causes the relevant project to be configured. For example, building 'projectA:projectB:someTask' causes configuration of projectB.

Eager to try out this new feature? To configure on demand with every build run see Gradle properties. To configure on demand just for a given build, see command-line performance-oriented options.

### Defining common behavior

Let’s look at some examples with the following project tree. This is a multi-project build with a root project named `water` and a subproject named `bluewhale`.

Example 1. Multi-project tree - water & bluewhale projects
Project layout

    .
    ├── bluewhale/
    ├── build.gradle
    └── settings.gradle

Project layout

    .
    ├── bluewhale/
    ├── build.gradle.kts
    └── settings.gradle.kts

settings.gradle

    rootProject.name = 'water'
    include 'bluewhale'

settings.gradle.kts

    rootProject.name = "water"
    include("bluewhale")

And where is the build script for the `bluewhale` project? In Gradle build scripts are optional. Obviously for a single project build, a project without a build script doesn’t make much sense. For multiproject builds the situation is different. Let’s look at the build script for the `water` project and execute it:

Example 2. Build script of water (parent) project
build.gradle

    Closure cl = { task -> println "I'm $task.project.name" }
    task('hello').doLast(cl)
    project(':bluewhale') {
        task('hello').doLast(cl)
    }

build.gradle.kts

    val cl = Action<Task> { println("I'm ${this.project.name}") }
    tasks.register("hello") { doLast(cl) }
    project(":bluewhale") {
        tasks.register("hello") { doLast(cl) }
    }

Output of `gradle -q hello`

    > gradle -q hello
    I'm water
    I'm bluewhale

Gradle allows you to access any project of the multi-project build from any build script. The Project API provides a method called `project()`, which takes a path as an argument and returns the Project object for this path. The capability to configure a project build from any build script we call cross project configuration. Gradle implements this via configuration injection.

We are not that happy with the build script of the `water` project. It is inconvenient to add the task explicitly for every project. We can do better. Let’s first add another project called `krill` to our multi-project build.

Example 3. Multi-project tree - water, bluewhale & krill projects
Project layout

    .
    ├── bluewhale/
    ├── build.gradle
    ├── krill/
    └── settings.gradle

Project layout

    .
    ├── bluewhale/
    ├── build.gradle.kts
    ├── krill/
    └── settings.gradle.kts

settings.gradle

    rootProject.name = 'water'

    include 'bluewhale', 'krill'

settings.gradle.kts

    rootProject.name = "water"

    include("bluewhale", "krill")

Now we rewrite the `water` build script and boil it down to a single line.

Example 4. Water project build script
build.gradle

    allprojects {
        task hello {
            doLast { task ->
                println "I'm $task.project.name"
            }
        }
    }

build.gradle.kts

    allprojects {
        tasks.register("hello") {
            doLast {
                println("I'm ${this.project.name}")
            }
        }
    }

Output of `gradle -q hello`

    > gradle -q hello
    I'm water
    I'm bluewhale
    I'm krill

Is this cool or is this cool? And how does this work? The Project API provides a property `allprojects` which returns a list with the current project and all its subprojects underneath it. If you call `allprojects` with a closure, the statements of the closure are delegated to the projects associated with `allprojects`. You could also do an iteration via `allprojects.each` (in Groovy) or `allprojects.forEach` (in Kotlin), but that would be more verbose.

Other build systems use inheritance as the primary means for defining common behavior. We also offer inheritance for projects as you will see later. But Gradle uses configuration injection as the usual way of defining common behavior. We think it provides a very powerful and flexible way of configuring multiproject builds.

Another possibility for sharing configuration is to use a common external script.

## Subproject configuration

The Project API also provides a property for accessing the subprojects only.

### Defining common behavior

Example 5. Defining common behavior of all projects and subprojects
build.gradle

    allprojects {
        task hello {
            doLast { task ->
                println "I'm $task.project.name"
            }
        }
    }
    subprojects {
        hello {
            doLast {
                println "- I depend on water"
            }
        }
    }

build.gradle.kts

    allprojects {
        tasks.register("hello") {
            doLast {
                println("I'm ${this.project.name}")
            }
        }
    }
    subprojects {
        tasks.named("hello") {
            doLast {
                println("- I depend on water")
            }
        }
    }

Output of `gradle -q hello`

    > gradle -q hello
    I'm water
    I'm bluewhale
    - I depend on water
    I'm krill
    - I depend on water

You may notice that there are two code snippets referencing the “`hello`” task. The first one, which uses the “`task`” keyword (in Groovy) or the `task()` function (in Kotlin), constructs the task and provides it’s base configuration. The second piece doesn’t use the “`task`” keyword or function, as it is further configuring the existing “`hello`” task. You may only construct a task once in a project, but you may add any number of code blocks providing additional configuration.

### Adding specific behavior

You can add specific behavior on top of the common behavior. Usually we put the project specific behavior in the build script of the project where we want to apply this specific behavior. But as we have already seen, we don’t have to do it this way. We could add project specific behavior for the `bluewhale` project like this:

Example 6. Defining specific behaviour for particular project
build.gradle

    allprojects {
        task hello {
            doLast { task ->
                println "I'm $task.project.name"
            }
        }
    }
    subprojects {
        hello {
            doLast {
                println "- I depend on water"
            }
        }
    }
    project(':bluewhale').hello {
        doLast {
            println "- I'm the largest animal that has ever lived on this planet."
        }
    }

build.gradle.kts

    allprojects {
        tasks.register("hello") {
            doLast {
                println("I'm ${this.project.name}")
            }
        }
    }
    subprojects {
        tasks.named("hello") {
            doLast {
                println("- I depend on water")
            }
        }
    }
    project(":bluewhale").tasks.named("hello") {
        doLast {
            println("- I'm the largest animal that has ever lived on this planet.")
        }
    }

Output of `gradle -q hello`

    > gradle -q hello
    I'm water
    I'm bluewhale
    - I depend on water
    - I'm the largest animal that has ever lived on this planet.
    I'm krill
    - I depend on water

As we have said, we usually prefer to put project specific behavior into the build script of this project. Let’s refactor and also add some project specific behavior to the `krill` project.

Example 7. Defining specific behaviour for project krill
Project layout

    .
    ├── bluewhale
    │   └── build.gradle
    ├── build.gradle
    ├── krill
    │   └── build.gradle
    └── settings.gradle

Project layout

    .
    ├── bluewhale
    │   └── build.gradle.kts
    ├── build.gradle.kts
    ├── krill
    │   └── build.gradle.kts
    └── settings.gradle.kts

settings.gradle

    rootProject.name = 'water'
    include 'bluewhale', 'krill'

bluewhale/build.gradle

    hello.doLast {
      println "- I'm the largest animal that has ever lived on this planet."
    }

krill/build.gradle

    hello.doLast {
      println "- The weight of my species in summer is twice as heavy as all human beings."
    }

build.gradle

    allprojects {
        task hello {
            doLast { task ->
                println "I'm $task.project.name"
            }
        }
    }
    subprojects {
        hello {
            doLast {
                println "- I depend on water"
            }
        }
    }

settings.gradle.kts

    rootProject.name = "water"
    include("bluewhale", "krill")

bluewhale/build.gradle.kts

    tasks.named("hello") {
        doLast {
            println("- I'm the largest animal that has ever lived on this planet.")
        }
    }

krill/build.gradle.kts

    tasks.named("hello") {
        doLast {
            println("- The weight of my species in summer is twice as heavy as all human beings.")
        }
    }

build.gradle.kts

    allprojects {
        tasks.register("hello") {
            doLast {
                println("I'm ${this.project.name}")
            }
        }
    }
    subprojects {
        tasks.named("hello") {
            doLast {
                println("- I depend on water")
            }
        }
    }

Output of `gradle -q hello`

    > gradle -q hello
    I'm water
    I'm bluewhale
    - I depend on water
    - I'm the largest animal that has ever lived on this planet.
    I'm krill
    - I depend on water
    - The weight of my species in summer is twice as heavy as all human beings.

### Project filtering

To show more of the power of configuration injection, let’s add another project called `tropicalFish` and add more behavior to the build via the build script of the `water` project.

#### Filtering by name

Example 8. Adding custom behaviour to some projects (filtered by project name)
Project layout

    .
    ├── bluewhale/
    │   └── build.gradle
    ├── build.gradle
    ├── krill/
    │   └── build.gradle
    ├── settings.gradle
    └── tropicalFish/

Project layout

    .
    ├── bluewhale/
    │   └── build.gradle.kts
    ├── build.gradle.kts
    ├── krill/
    │   └── build.gradle.kts
    ├── settings.gradle.kts
    └── tropicalFish/

settings.gradle

    rootProject.name = 'water'
    include 'bluewhale', 'krill', 'tropicalFish'

build.gradle

    allprojects {
        task hello {
            doLast { task ->
                println "I'm $task.project.name"
            }
        }
    }
    subprojects {
        hello {
            doLast {
                println "- I depend on water"
            }
        }
    }
    configure(subprojects.findAll {it.name != 'tropicalFish'}) {
        hello {
            doLast {
                println '- I love to spend time in the arctic waters.'
            }
        }
    }

settings.gradle.kts

    rootProject.name = "water"
    include("bluewhale", "krill", "tropicalFish")

build.gradle.kts

    allprojects {
        tasks.register("hello") {
            doLast {
                println("I'm ${this.project.name}")
            }
        }
    }
    subprojects {
        tasks.named("hello") {
            doLast {
                println("- I depend on water")
            }
        }
    }
    configure(subprojects.filter { it.name != "tropicalFish" }) {
        tasks.named("hello") {
            doLast {
                println("- I love to spend time in the arctic waters.")
            }
        }
    }

Output of `gradle -q hello`

    > gradle -q hello
    I'm water
    I'm bluewhale
    - I depend on water
    - I love to spend time in the arctic waters.
    - I'm the largest animal that has ever lived on this planet.
    I'm krill
    - I depend on water
    - I love to spend time in the arctic waters.
    - The weight of my species in summer is twice as heavy as all human beings.
    I'm tropicalFish
    - I depend on water

The `configure()` method takes a list as an argument and applies the configuration to the projects in this list.

#### Filtering by properties

Using the project name for filtering is one option. Using extra project properties is another.

Example 9. Adding custom behaviour to some projects (filtered by project properties)
Project layout

    .
    ├── bluewhale
    │   └── build.gradle
    ├── build.gradle
    ├── krill
    │   └── build.gradle
    ├── settings.gradle
    └── tropicalFish
        └── build.gradle

Project layout

    .
    ├── bluewhale
    │   └── build.gradle.kts
    ├── build.gradle.kts
    ├── krill
    │   └── build.gradle.kts
    ├── settings.gradle.kts
    └── tropicalFish
        └── build.gradle.kts

settings.gradle

    rootProject.name = 'water'
    include 'bluewhale', 'krill', 'tropicalFish'

bluewhale/build.gradle

    ext.arctic = true
    hello.doLast {
      println "- I'm the largest animal that has ever lived on this planet."
    }

krill/build.gradle

    ext.arctic = true
    hello.doLast {
        println "- The weight of my species in summer is twice as heavy as all human beings."
    }

build.gradle

    allprojects {
        task hello {
            doLast { task ->
                println "I'm $task.project.name"
            }
        }
    }
    subprojects {
        hello {
            doLast {println "- I depend on water"}
        }

        afterEvaluate { Project project ->
            if (project.arctic) {
                hello.configure {
                    doLast {
                        println '- I love to spend time in the arctic waters.'
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

tropicalFish/build.gradle

    ext.arctic = false

settings.gradle.kts

    rootProject.name = "water"
    include("bluewhale", "krill", "tropicalFish")

bluewhale/build.gradle.kts

    extra["arctic"] = true
    tasks.named("hello") {
        doLast {
            println("- I'm the largest animal that has ever lived on this planet.")
        }
    }

krill/build.gradle.kts

    extra["arctic"] = true
    tasks.named("hello") {
        doLast {
            println("- The weight of my species in summer is twice as heavy as all human beings.")
        }
    }

build.gradle.kts

    allprojects {
        tasks.register("hello") {
            doLast {
                println("I'm ${this.project.name}")
            }
        }
    }
    subprojects {
        val hello by tasks.existing

        hello {
            doLast { println("- I depend on water") }
        }

        afterEvaluate {
            if (extra["arctic"] as Boolean) {
                hello {
                    doLast {
                        println("- I love to spend time in the arctic waters.")
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

tropicalFish/build.gradle.kts

    extra["arctic"] = false

Output of `gradle -q hello`

    > gradle -q hello
    I'm water
    I'm bluewhale
    - I depend on water
    - I'm the largest animal that has ever lived on this planet.
    - I love to spend time in the arctic waters.
    I'm krill
    - I depend on water
    - The weight of my species in summer is twice as heavy as all human beings.
    - I love to spend time in the arctic waters.
    I'm tropicalFish
    - I depend on water

In the build file of the `water` project we use an `afterEvaluate` notification. This means that the closure we are passing gets evaluated after the build scripts of the subproject are evaluated. As the property `arctic` is set in those build scripts, we have to do it this way. You will find more on this topic in Dependencies — Which Dependencies?

## Execution rules for multi-project builds

When we executed the `hello` task from the root project dir, things behaved in an intuitive way. All the `hello` tasks of the different projects were executed. Let’s switch to the `bluewhale` dir and see what happens if we execute Gradle from there.

Running build from subproject

    > gradle -q hello
    I'm bluewhale
    - I depend on water
    - I'm the largest animal that has ever lived on this planet.
    - I love to spend time in the arctic waters.

The basic rule behind Gradle’s behavior is simple. Gradle looks down the hierarchy, starting with the current dir, for tasks with the name `hello` and executes them. One thing is very important to note. Gradle always evaluates every project of the multi-project build and creates all existing task objects. Then, according to the task name arguments and the current dir, Gradle filters the tasks which should be executed. Because of Gradle’s cross project configuration every project has to be evaluated before any task gets executed. We will have a closer look at this in the next section. Let’s now have our last marine example. Let’s add a task to `bluewhale` and `krill`.

Example 10. Evaluation and execution of projects
bluewhale/build.gradle

    ext.arctic = true
    hello {
        doLast {
            println "- I'm the largest animal that has ever lived on this planet."
        }
    }

    task distanceToIceberg {
        doLast {
            println '20 nautical miles'
        }
    }

krill/build.gradle

    ext.arctic = true
    hello {
        doLast {
            println "- The weight of my species in summer is twice as heavy as all human beings."
        }
    }

    task distanceToIceberg {
        doLast {
            println '5 nautical miles'
        }
    }

bluewhale/build.gradle.kts

    extra["arctic"] = true
    tasks.named("hello") {
        doLast {
            println("- I'm the largest animal that has ever lived on this planet.")
        }
    }

    tasks.register("distanceToIceberg") {
        doLast {
            println("20 nautical miles")
        }
    }

krill/build.gradle.kts

    extra["arctic"] = true
    tasks.named("hello") {
        doLast {
            println("- The weight of my species in summer is twice as heavy as all human beings.")
        }
    }

    tasks.register("distanceToIceberg") {
        doLast {
            println("5 nautical miles")
        }
    }

Output of `gradle -q distanceToIceberg`

    > gradle -q distanceToIceberg
    20 nautical miles
    5 nautical miles

Here’s the output without the `-q` option:

Output of `gradle distanceToIceberg`

    > gradle distanceToIceberg

    > Task :bluewhale:distanceToIceberg
    20 nautical miles

    > Task :krill:distanceToIceberg
    5 nautical miles

    BUILD SUCCESSFUL in 0s
    2 actionable tasks: 2 executed

The build is executed from the `water` project. Neither `water` nor `tropicalFish` have a task with the name `distanceToIceberg`. Gradle does not care. The simple rule mentioned already above is: Execute all tasks down the hierarchy which have this name. Only complain if there is no such task!

## Running tasks by their absolute path

As we have seen, you can run a multi-project build by entering any subproject dir and execute the build from there. All matching task names of the project hierarchy starting with the current dir are executed. But Gradle also offers to execute tasks by their absolute path (see also Project and task paths):

Running tasks by their absolute path

    > gradle -q :hello :krill:hello hello
    I'm water
    I'm krill
    - I depend on water
    - The weight of my species in summer is twice as heavy as all human beings.
    - I love to spend time in the arctic waters.
    I'm tropicalFish
    - I depend on water

The build is executed from the `tropicalFish` project. We execute the `hello` tasks of the `water`, the `krill` and the `tropicalFish` project. The first two tasks are specified by their absolute path, the last task is executed using the name matching mechanism described above.

## Project and task paths

A project path has the following pattern: It starts with an optional colon, which denotes the root project. The root project is the only project in a path that is not specified by its name. The rest of a project path is a colon-separated sequence of project names, where the next project is a subproject of the previous project.

The path of a task is simply its project path plus the task name, like “`:bluewhale:hello`”. Within a project you can address a task of the same project just by its name. This is interpreted as a relative path.

## Dependencies - Which dependencies?

The examples from the last section were special, as the projects had no Execution Dependencies. They had only Configuration Dependencies. The following sections illustrate the differences between these two types of dependencies.

### Execution dependencies

#### Dependencies and execution order

Example 11. Dependencies and execution order
Project layout

    .
    ├── build.gradle
    ├── consumer
    │   └── build.gradle
    ├── producer
    │   └── build.gradle
    └── settings.gradle

Project layout

    .
    ├── build.gradle.kts
    ├── consumer
    │   └── build.gradle.kts
    ├── producer
    │   └── build.gradle.kts
    └── settings.gradle.kts

build.gradle

    ext.producerMessage = null

settings.gradle

    include 'consumer', 'producer'

consumer/build.gradle

    task action {
        doLast {
            println("Consuming message: ${rootProject.producerMessage}")
        }
    }

producer/build.gradle

    task action {
        doLast {
            println "Producing message:"
            rootProject.producerMessage = 'Watch the order of execution.'
        }
    }

build.gradle.kts

    extra["producerMessage"] = null

settings.gradle.kts

    include("consumer", "producer")

consumer/build.gradle.kts

    tasks.register("action") {
        doLast {
            println("Consuming message: ${rootProject.extra["producerMessage"]}")
        }
    }

producer/build.gradle.kts

    tasks.register("action") {
        doLast {
            println("Producing message:")
            rootProject.extra["producerMessage"] = "Watch the order of execution."
        }
    }

Output of `gradle -q action`

    > gradle -q action
    Consuming message: null
    Producing message:

This didn’t quite do what we want. If nothing else is defined, Gradle executes the task in alphanumeric order. Therefore, Gradle will execute “`:consumer:action`” before “`:producer:action`”. Let’s try to solve this with a hack and rename the producer project to “`aProducer`”.

Example 12. Dependencies and execution order
Project layout

    .
    ├── aProducer
    │   └── build.gradle
    ├── build.gradle
    ├── consumer
    │   └── build.gradle
    └── settings.gradle

Project layout

    .
    ├── aProducer
    │   └── build.gradle.kts
    ├── build.gradle.kts
    ├── consumer
    │   └── build.gradle.kts
    └── settings.gradle.kts

build.gradle

    ext.producerMessage = null

settings.gradle

    include 'consumer', 'aProducer'

consumer/build.gradle

    task action {
        doLast {
            println("Consuming message: ${rootProject.producerMessage}")
        }
    }

aProducer/build.gradle

    task action {
        doLast {
            println "Producing message:"
            rootProject.producerMessage = 'Watch the order of execution.'
        }
    }

build.gradle.kts

    extra["producerMessage"] = null

settings.gradle.kts

    include("consumer", "aProducer")

consumer/build.gradle.kts

    tasks.register("action") {
        doLast {
            println("Consuming message: ${rootProject.extra["producerMessage"]}")
        }
    }

aProducer/build.gradle.kts

    tasks.register("action") {
        doLast {
            println("Producing message:")
            rootProject.extra["producerMessage"] = "Watch the order of execution."
        }
    }

Output of `gradle -q action`

    > gradle -q action
    Producing message:
    Consuming message: Watch the order of execution.

We can show where this hack doesn’t work if we now switch to the `consumer` dir and execute the build.

Output of `gradle -q action` from the `consumer` dir

    > gradle -q action
    Consuming message: null

The problem is that the two “`action`” tasks are unrelated. If you execute the build from the “`messages`” project Gradle executes them both because they have the same name and they are down the hierarchy. In the last example only one “`action`” task was down the hierarchy and therefore it was the only task that was executed. We need something better than this hack.

### Real life examples

Gradle’s multi-project features are driven by real life use cases. One good example consists of two web application projects and a parent project that creates a distribution including the two web applications.[1] For the example we use only one build script and do cross project configuration.

Example 13. Dependencies - real life example - crossproject configuration
Project layout

    .
    ├── build.gradle
    ├── date
    │   └── src
    │       └── main
    │           ├── java
    │           │   └── org
    │           │       └── gradle
    │           │           └── sample
    │           │               └── DateServlet.java
    │           └── webapp
    │               └── web.xml
    ├── hello
    │   └── src
    │       └── main
    │           ├── java
    │           │   └── org
    │           │       └── gradle
    │           │           └── sample
    │           │               └── HelloServlet.java
    │           └── webapp
    │               └── web.xml
    └── settings.gradle

Project layout

    .
    ├── build.gradle.kts
    ├── date
    │   └── src
    │       └── main
    │           ├── java
    │           │   └── org
    │           │       └── gradle
    │           │           └── sample
    │           │               └── DateServlet.java
    │           └── webapp
    │               └── web.xml
    ├── hello
    │   └── src
    │       └── main
    │           ├── java
    │           │   └── org
    │           │       └── gradle
    │           │           └── sample
    │           │               └── HelloServlet.java
    │           └── webapp
    │               └── web.xml
    └── settings.gradle.kts

settings.gradle

    rootProject.name = 'webDist'
    include 'date', 'hello'

build.gradle

    allprojects {
        apply plugin: 'java'
        group = 'org.gradle.sample'
        version = '1.0'
    }

    subprojects {
        apply plugin: 'war'
        repositories {
            mavenCentral()
        }
        dependencies {
            implementation "javax.servlet:servlet-api:2.5"
        }
    }

    task explodedDist(type: Copy) {
        into "$buildDir/explodedDist"
        subprojects {
            from tasks.withType(War)
        }
    }

settings.gradle.kts

    rootProject.name = "webDist"
    include("date", "hello")

build.gradle.kts

    allprojects {
        apply(plugin = "java")
        group = "org.gradle.sample"
        version = "1.0"
    }

    subprojects {
        apply(plugin = "war")
        repositories {
            mavenCentral()
        }
        dependencies {
            "providedCompile"("javax.servlet:servlet-api:2.5")
        }
    }

    tasks.register<Copy>("explodedDist") {
        into("$buildDir/explodedDist")
        subprojects {
            from(tasks.withType<War>())
        }
    }

We have an interesting set of dependencies. Obviously the `date` and `hello` projects have a configuration dependency on `webDist`, as all the build logic for the webapp projects is injected by `webDist`. The execution dependency is in the other direction, as `webDist` depends on the build artifacts of `date` and `hello`. There is even a third dependency. `webDist` has a configuration dependency on `date` and `hello` because it needs to know the `archivePath`. But it asks for this information at execution time. Therefore we have no circular dependency.

Such dependency patterns are daily bread in the problem space of multi-project builds. If a build system does not support these patterns, you either can’t solve your problem or you need to do ugly hacks which are hard to maintain and massively impair your productivity as a build master.

## Project lib dependencies

What if one project needs the jar produced by another project in its compile path, and not just the jar but also the transitive dependencies of this jar? Obviously this is a very common use case for Java multi-project builds. As mentioned in Project dependencies, Gradle offers project lib dependencies for this.

Example 14. Project lib dependencies
Project layout

    .
    ├── api
    │   └── src
    │       ├── main
    │       │   └── java
    │       │       └── org
    │       │           └── gradle
    │       │               └── sample
    │       │                   ├── api
    │       │                   │   └── Person.java
    │       │                   └── apiImpl
    │       │                       └── PersonImpl.java
    │       └── test
    │           └── java
    │               └── org
    │                   └── gradle
    │                       └── PersonTest.java
    ├── build.gradle
    ├── services
    │   └── personService
    │       └── src
    │           ├── main
    │           │   └── java
    │           │       └── org
    │           │           └── gradle
    │           │               └── sample
    │           │                   └── services
    │           │                       └── PersonService.java
    │           └── test
    │               └── java
    │                   └── org
    │                       └── gradle
    │                           └── sample
    │                               └── services
    │                                   └── PersonServiceTest.java
    ├── settings.gradle
    └── shared
        └── src
            └── main
                └── java
                    └── org
                        └── gradle
                            └── sample
                                └── shared
                                    └── Helper.java

Project layout

    .
    ├── api
    │   └── src
    │       ├── main
    │       │   └── java
    │       │       └── org
    │       │           └── gradle
    │       │               └── sample
    │       │                   ├── api
    │       │                   │   └── Person.java
    │       │                   └── apiImpl
    │       │                       └── PersonImpl.java
    │       └── test
    │           └── java
    │               └── org
    │                   └── gradle
    │                       └── PersonTest.java
    ├── build.gradle.kts
    ├── services
    │   └── personService
    │       └── src
    │           ├── main
    │           │   └── java
    │           │       └── org
    │           │           └── gradle
    │           │               └── sample
    │           │                   └── services
    │           │                       └── PersonService.java
    │           └── test
    │               └── java
    │                   └── org
    │                       └── gradle
    │                           └── sample
    │                               └── services
    │                                   └── PersonServiceTest.java
    ├── settings.gradle.kts
    └── shared
        └── src
            └── main
                └── java
                    └── org
                        └── gradle
                            └── sample
                                └── shared
                                    └── Helper.java

We have the projects “`shared`”, “`api`” and “`personService`”. The “`personService`” project has a lib dependency on the other two projects. The “`api`” project has a lib dependency on the “`shared`” project. “`services`” is also a project, but we use it just as a container. It has no build script and gets nothing injected by another build script. We use the `:` separator to define a project path. Consult the DSL documentation of Settings.include(java.lang.String[]) for more information about defining project paths.

settings.gradle

    include 'api', 'shared', 'services:personService'

build.gradle

    /*
     * Copyright 2018 the original author or authors.
     *
     * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
     * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
     * You may obtain a copy of the License at
     *
     *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
     *
     * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
     * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
     * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
     * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
     * limitations under the License.
     */

    subprojects {
        apply plugin: 'java'
        group = 'org.gradle.sample'
        version = '1.0'
        repositories {
            mavenCentral()
        }
        dependencies {
            testImplementation "junit:junit:4.13"
        }
    }

    project(':api') {
        dependencies {
            implementation project(':shared')
        }
    }

    project(':services:personService') {
        dependencies {
            implementation project(':shared'), project(':api')
        }
    }

settings.gradle.kts

    include("api", "shared", "services:personService")

build.gradle.kts

    subprojects {
        apply(plugin = "java")
        group = "org.gradle.sample"
        version = "1.0"
        repositories {
            mavenCentral()
        }
        dependencies {
            "testImplementation"("junit:junit:4.13")
        }
    }

    project(":api") {
        dependencies {
            "implementation"(project(":shared"))
        }
    }

    project(":services:personService") {
        dependencies {
            "implementation"(project(":shared"))
            "implementation"(project(":api"))
        }
    }

All the build logic is in the build script of the root project.[2] A “lib” dependency is a special form of an execution dependency. It causes the other project to be built first and adds the jar with the classes of the other project to the classpath. It also adds the dependencies of the other project to the classpath. So you can enter the “`api`” directory and trigger a “`gradle compile`”. First the “`shared`” project is built and then the “`api`” project is built. Project dependencies enable partial multi-project builds.

If you come from Maven land you might be perfectly happy with this. If you come from Ivy land, you might expect some more fine grained control. Gradle offers this to you:

Example 15. Fine grained control over dependencies
build.gradle

    subprojects {
        apply plugin: 'java-library'
        group = 'org.gradle.sample'
        version = '1.0'
    }

    project(':api') {
        configurations {
            spi
        }
        dependencies {
            implementation project(':shared')
        }
        task spiJar(type: Jar) {
            archiveBaseName = 'api-spi'
            from sourceSets.main.output
            include('org/gradle/sample/api/**')
        }
        artifacts {
            spi spiJar
        }
    }

    project(':services:personService') {
        dependencies {
            implementation project(':shared')
            implementation project(path: ':api', configuration: 'spi')
            testImplementation "junit:junit:4.13", project(':api')
        }
    }

build.gradle.kts

    subprojects {
        apply(plugin = "java")
        group = "org.gradle.sample"
        version = "1.0"
    }

    project(":api") {
        configurations {
            create("spi")
        }
        dependencies {
            "implementation"(project(":shared"))
        }
        tasks.register<Jar>("spiJar") {
            archiveBaseName.set("api-spi")
            from(project.the<SourceSetContainer>()["main"].output)
            include("org/gradle/sample/api/**")
        }
        artifacts {
            add("spi", tasks["spiJar"])
        }
    }

    project(":services:personService") {
        dependencies {
            "implementation"(project(":shared"))
            "implementation"(project(path = ":api", configuration = "spi"))
            "testImplementation"("junit:junit:4.13")
            "testImplementation"(project(":api"))
        }
    }

The Java plugin adds per default a jar to your project libraries which contains all the classes. In this example we create an additional library containing only the interfaces of the “`api`” project. We assign this library to a new dependency configuration. For the person service we declare that the project should be compiled only against the “`api`” interfaces but tested with all classes from “`api`”.

## Depending on the task output produced by another project

Project dependencies model dependencies between modules. Effectively, you are saying that you depend on the main output of another project. In a Java-based project that’s usually a JAR file.

Sometimes you may want to depend on an output produced by another task. In turn you’ll want to make sure that the task is executed beforehand to produce that very output. Declaring a task dependency from one project to another is a poor way to model this kind of relationship and introduces unnecessary coupling. The recommended way to model such a dependency is to produce the output, mark it as an "outgoing" artifact or add it to the output of the `main` source set which you can depend on in the consuming project.

Let’s say you are working in a multi-project build with the two subprojects `producer` and `consumer`. The subproject `producer` defines a task named `buildInfo` that generates a properties file containing build information e.g. the project version. The attribute `builtBy` takes care of establishing an inferred task dependency. For more information on `builtBy`, see SourceSetOutput.

Example 16. Task generating a property file containing build information
build.gradle

    task buildInfo(type: BuildInfo) {
        version = project.version
        outputFile = file("$buildDir/generated-resources/build-info.properties")
    }

    sourceSets {
        main {
            output.dir(buildInfo.outputFile.parentFile, builtBy: buildInfo)
        }
    }

build.gradle.kts

    val buildInfo by tasks.registering(BuildInfo::class) {
        version = project.version.toString()
        outputFile = file("$buildDir/generated-resources/build-info.properties")
    }

    sourceSets {
        main {
            output.dir(buildInfo.get().outputFile.parentFile, "builtBy" to buildInfo)
        }
    }

The consuming project is supposed to be able to read the properties file at runtime. Declaring a project dependency on the producing project takes care of creating the properties beforehand and making it available to the runtime classpath.

Example 17. Declaring a project dependency on the project producing the properties file
build.gradle

    dependencies {
        runtimeOnly project(':producer')
    }

build.gradle.kts

    dependencies {
        runtimeOnly(project(":producer"))
    }

In the example above, the consumer now declares a dependency on the outputs of the `producer` project.

## Parallel project execution

With more and more CPU cores available on developer desktops and CI servers, it is important that Gradle is able to fully utilise these processing resources. More specifically, parallel execution attempts to:

- Reduce total build time for a multi-project build where execution is IO bound or otherwise does not consume all available CPU resources.

- Provide faster feedback for execution of small projects without awaiting completion of other projects.

Although Gradle already offers parallel test execution via Test.setMaxParallelForks(int) the feature described in this section is parallel execution at a project level.

Parallel project execution allows the separate projects in a decoupled multi-project build to be executed in parallel (see also Decoupled projects). While parallel execution does not strictly require decoupling at configuration time, the long-term goal is to provide a powerful set of features that will be available for fully decoupled projects. Such features include:

- Configuration on-demand.

- Configuration of projects in parallel.

- Re-use of configuration for unchanged projects.

- Project-level up-to-date checks.

- Using pre-built artifacts in the place of building dependent projects.

How does parallel execution work? First, you need to tell Gradle to use parallel mode. You can use the `--parallel` command line argument or configure your build environment (Gradle properties). Unless you provide a specific number of parallel threads, Gradle attempts to choose the right number based on available CPU cores. Every parallel worker exclusively owns a given project while executing a task. Task dependencies are fully supported and parallel workers will start executing upstream tasks first. Bear in mind that the alphabetical ordering of decoupled tasks, as can be seen during sequential execution, is not guaranteed in parallel mode. In other words, in parallel mode tasks will run as soon as their dependencies complete and a task worker is available to run them, which may be earlier than they would start during a sequential build. You should make sure that task dependencies and task inputs/outputs are declared correctly to avoid ordering issues.

## Decoupled Projects

Gradle allows any project to access any other project during both the configuration and execution phases. While this provides a great deal of power and flexibility to the build author, it also limits the flexibility that Gradle has when building those projects. For instance, this effectively prevents Gradle from correctly building multiple projects in parallel, configuring only a subset of projects, or from substituting a pre-built artifact in place of a project dependency.

Two projects are said to be decoupled if they do not directly access each other’s project model. Decoupled projects may only interact in terms of declared dependencies: project dependencies and/or task dependencies. Any other form of project interaction (i.e. by modifying another project object or by reading a value from another project object) causes the projects to be coupled. The consequence of coupling during the configuration phase is that if gradle is invoked with the 'configuration on demand' option, the result of the build can be flawed in several ways. The consequence of coupling during execution phase is that if gradle is invoked with the parallel option, one project task runs too late to influence a task of a project building in parallel. Gradle does not attempt to detect coupling and warn the user, as there are too many possibilities to introduce coupling.

A very common way for projects to be coupled is by using configuration injection. It may not be immediately apparent, but using key Gradle features like the `allprojects` and `subprojects` keywords automatically cause your projects to be coupled. This is because these keywords are used in a `build.gradle` file, which defines a project. Often this is a “root project” that does nothing more than define common configuration, but as far as Gradle is concerned this root project is still a fully-fledged project, and by using `allprojects` that project is effectively coupled to all other projects. Coupling of the root project to subprojects does not impact 'configuration on demand', but using the `allprojects` and `subprojects` in any subproject’s `build.gradle` file will have an impact.

This means that using any form of shared build script logic or configuration injection (`allprojects`, `subprojects`, etc.) will cause your projects to be coupled. As we extend the concept of project decoupling and provide features that take advantage of decoupled projects, we will also introduce new features to help you to solve common use cases (like configuration injection) without causing your projects to be coupled.

In order to make good use of cross project configuration without running into issues for parallel and 'configuration on demand' options, follow these recommendations:

- Avoid a subproject’s build script referencing other subprojects; preferring cross configuration from the root project.

- Avoid changing the configuration of other projects at execution time.

## Multi-Project Building and Testing

The `build` task of the Java plugin is typically used to compile, test, and perform code style checks (if the CodeQuality plugin is used) of a single project. In multi-project builds you may often want to do all of these tasks across a range of projects. The `buildNeeded` and `buildDependents` tasks can help with this.

In this example, the “`:services:personservice`” project depends on both the “`:api`” and “`:shared`” projects. The “`:api`” project also depends on the “`:shared`” project.

Assume you are working on a single project, the “`:api`” project. You have been making changes, but have not built the entire project since performing a clean. You want to build any necessary supporting jars, but only perform code quality and unit tests on the project you have changed. The `build` task does this.

Example 18. Build and Test Single Project
Output of `gradle :api:build`

    > gradle :api:build
    > Task :shared:compileJava
    > Task :shared:processResources
    > Task :shared:classes
    > Task :shared:jar
    > Task :api:compileJava
    > Task :api:processResources
    > Task :api:classes
    > Task :api:jar
    > Task :api:assemble
    > Task :api:compileTestJava
    > Task :api:processTestResources
    > Task :api:testClasses
    > Task :api:test
    > Task :api:check
    > Task :api:build

    BUILD SUCCESSFUL in 0s
    9 actionable tasks: 9 executed

If you have just gotten the latest version of source from your version control system which included changes in other projects that “`:api`” depends on, you might want to not only build all the projects you depend on, but test them as well. The `buildNeeded` task also tests all the projects from the project lib dependencies of the testRuntime configuration.

Example 19. Build and Test Depended On Projects
Output of `gradle :api:buildNeeded`

    > gradle :api:buildNeeded
    > Task :shared:compileJava
    > Task :shared:processResources
    > Task :shared:classes
    > Task :shared:jar
    > Task :api:compileJava
    > Task :api:processResources
    > Task :api:classes
    > Task :api:jar
    > Task :api:assemble
    > Task :api:compileTestJava
    > Task :api:processTestResources
    > Task :api:testClasses
    > Task :api:test
    > Task :api:check
    > Task :api:build
    > Task :shared:assemble
    > Task :shared:compileTestJava
    > Task :shared:processTestResources
    > Task :shared:testClasses
    > Task :shared:test
    > Task :shared:check
    > Task :shared:build
    > Task :shared:buildNeeded
    > Task :api:buildNeeded

    BUILD SUCCESSFUL in 0s
    12 actionable tasks: 12 executed

You also might want to refactor some part of the “`:api`” project that is used in other projects. If you make these types of changes, it is not sufficient to test just the “`:api`” project, you also need to test all projects that depend on the “`:api`” project. The `buildDependents` task also tests all the projects that have a project lib dependency (in the testRuntime configuration) on the specified project.

Example 20. Build and Test Dependent Projects
Output of `gradle :api:buildDependents`

    > gradle :api:buildDependents
    > Task :shared:compileJava
    > Task :shared:processResources
    > Task :shared:classes
    > Task :shared:jar
    > Task :api:compileJava
    > Task :api:processResources
    > Task :api:classes
    > Task :api:jar
    > Task :api:assemble
    > Task :api:compileTestJava
    > Task :api:processTestResources
    > Task :api:testClasses
    > Task :api:test
    > Task :api:check
    > Task :api:build
    > Task :services:personService:compileJava
    > Task :services:personService:processResources
    > Task :services:personService:classes
    > Task :services:personService:jar
    > Task :services:personService:assemble
    > Task :services:personService:compileTestJava
    > Task :services:personService:processTestResources
    > Task :services:personService:testClasses
    > Task :services:personService:test
    > Task :services:personService:check
    > Task :services:personService:build
    > Task :services:personService:buildDependents
    > Task :api:buildDependents

    BUILD SUCCESSFUL in 0s
    17 actionable tasks: 17 executed

Finally, you may want to build and test everything in all projects. Any task you run in the root project folder will cause that same named task to be run on all the children. So you can just run “`gradle build`” to build and test all projects.

## Multi Project and buildSrc

Using buildSrc to organize build logic tells us that we can place build logic to be compiled and tested in the special `buildSrc` directory. In a multi project build, there can only be one `buildSrc` directory which must be located in the root directory.

1. The real use case we had, was using http://lucene.apache.org/solr, where you need a separate war for each index you are accessing. That was one reason why we have created a distribution of webapps. The Resin servlet container allows us, to let such a distribution point to a base installation of the servlet container.
2. We do this here, as it makes the layout a bit easier. We usually put the project specific stuff into the build script of the respective projects.