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[[upgrading_version_9]]

= Upgrading within Gradle 9.x.y

This chapter provides the information you need to migrate your Gradle 9.x.y builds to the latest.
For migrating to Gradle 9.0.0, see the <<upgrading_major_version_9.adoc#upgrading_major_version_9, older migration guide>> first.

We recommend the following steps for all users:

. Try running `gradle help --scan` and view the https://docs.gradle.com/develocity/get-started/#identifying_deprecated_gradle_functionality[deprecations view] of the generated Build Scan.
+
image::deprecations.png[Deprecations View of a Gradle Build Scan]
+
This lets you see any deprecation warnings that apply to your build.
+
Alternatively, you can run `gradle help --warning-mode=all` to see the deprecations in the console, though it may not report as much detailed information.
. Update your plugins.
+
Some plugins will break with this new version of Gradle because they use internal APIs that have been removed or changed.
The previous step will help you identify potential problems by issuing deprecation warnings when a plugin tries to use a deprecated part of the API.
+
. Run `gradle wrapper --gradle-version {gradleVersion}` to update the project to {gradleVersion}.
. Try to run the project and debug any errors using the <<troubleshooting.adoc#troubleshooting, Troubleshooting Guide>>.

[[changes_9.2]]
== Upgrading from 9.1.0 and earlier

=== Potential breaking changes

==== Upgrade to Kotlin 2.2.20

The embedded Kotlin has been upgraded from 2.2.0 to link:https://github.com/JetBrains/kotlin/releases/tag/v2.2.20[Kotlin 2.2.20].

==== Removed incubating `ObjectFactory#dependencyCollector()` method

The incubating `ObjectFactory#dependencyCollector()` method has been removed.
You can still create `DependencyCollectors` within Gradle <<properties_providers.adoc#managed_types, managed types>>.

==== Consumable configurations in bundled plugins are now initialized lazily

Consumable configurations created by bundled Gradle plugins are now initialized only when needed.
`Configure` actions on these configurations no longer run at configuration time by default.
They only execute if the configuration is published, consumed as a variant, or otherwise realized by build logic.

For example:

.build.gradle.kts
[source,kotlin]
----
plugins {
    id("java-library")
}

configurations.named("apiElements").configure {
    println("Configuring apiElements")
}
----

With this change, the `Configuring apiElements` line is no longer printed during configuration time unless `apiElements` is actually realized.

See <<declaring_configurations.adoc#declaring-dependency-configurations,Declaring Configurations>> for more guidance.

[[validate_plugins_java_version]]
==== The `ValidatePlugins` task now has stricter Java version requirements

The `ValidatePlugins` task now requires running with a Java version that is supported by the Gradle daemon.

This change was made because the task depends on several core Gradle services,
which may now be compiled to the same bytecode version supported by the daemon.

The convention on the `ValidatePlugins` task has been updated to account for this change.
If the project toolchain is compatible, it will use it.
Otherwise, it will use the Java version used to run Gradle.

If you were configuring the `ValidatePlugins` task to run with a specific toolchain as follows:

====
[.multi-language-sample]
=====
.build.gradle.kts
[source,kotlin]
----
tasks.withType<ValidatePlugins>().configureEach {
    javaLauncher.set(
        project.javaToolchains.launcherFor {
            languageVersion.set(JavaLanguageVersion.of(17))
        }
    )
}
----
=====
[.multi-language-sample]
=====
.build.gradle
[source,groovy]
----
tasks.withType(ValidatePlugins).configureEach {
    javaLauncher.set(
        project.javaToolchains.launcherFor {
            languageVersion.set(JavaLanguageVersion.of(17))
        }
    )
}
----
=====
====


If the Java version defined in this configuration is not compatible with the Gradle daemon, you will have to update the launcher configuration to a <<compatibility.adoc#java_runtime,compatible version>>.

=== Deprecations

[[project_container_methods]]
==== Deprecated `Project.container(...)` methods

The link:{javadocPath}/org/gradle/api/Project.html#container-java.lang.Class-[`Project.container(...)`] methods are deprecated and will be removed in Gradle 10.
These methods manually create named domain object containers.

Use a <<properties_providers.adoc#mutable_managed_properties,managed property>> to let Gradle instantiate containers automatically.
If a managed property isn’t possible, use `ObjectFactory.domainObjectContainer(...)` (available since Gradle 5.5).
Unlike `Project.container(Class)`, the `ObjectFactory` version decorates container elements and makes them extension aware.

[[dependency_management_rules]]
==== Deprecated ruleSource-based dependency management APIs

The link:{javadocPath}/org/gradle/model/RuleSource.html[`RuleSource`]-based dependency management APIs have been deprecated and will be removed in Gradle 10.0.0.

Deprecated APIs include:

- link:{javadocPath}/org/gradle/api/artifacts/dsl/ComponentMetadataHandler.html#all(java.lang.Object)[`ComponentMetadataHandler.all(Object)`]
- link:{javadocPath}/org/gradle/api/artifacts/dsl/ComponentMetadataHandler.html#all(java.lang.Object)[`ComponentMetadataHandler.withModule(Object,Object)`]
- link:{javadocPath}/org/gradle/api/artifacts/ComponentSelectionRules.html#all(java.lang.Object)[`ComponentSelectionRules.all(Object)`]
- link:{javadocPath}/org/gradle/api/artifacts/ComponentSelectionRules.html#withModule(java.lang.Object,java.lang.Object)[`ComponentSelectionRules.withModule(Object,Object)`]

Use the alternative methods that accept a `ComponentMetadataRule` class or an `Action`.

[[deprecate_register_feature_no_java_plugin]]
==== Deprecated calling `registerFeature` without applying the Java plugin

Creating a JVM feature with link:{javadocPath}/org/gradle/api/plugins/JavaPluginExtension.html#registerFeature(java.lang.String,org.gradle.api.Action)[`JavaPluginExtension#registerFeature`] before applying the Java plugin has been deprecated and will become an error in Gradle 10.0.0.

Ensure the Java plugin is applied before invoking `registerFeature`.
The following bundled plugins apply the Java plugin automatically:

- `java-library`
- `application`
- `groovy`
- `scala`
- `war`

[[changes_9.1.0]]
== Upgrading from 9.0.0 and earlier

=== Potential breaking changes

==== Upgrade to ASM 9.8

ASM was upgraded from 9.7.1 to https://asm.ow2.io/versions.html[9.8] to ensure earlier compatibility for Java 25.

==== Upgrade to Groovy 4.0.28

Groovy has been updated to https://groovy-lang.org/changelogs/changelog-4.0.28.html[Groovy 4.0.28].

=== Deprecations

[[dependency_multi_string_notation]]
==== Deprecation of multi-string dependency notation

In an effort to simplify and standardize the Gradle API, the multi-string dependency notation used in dependency management has been deprecated and will no longer be permitted in Gradle 10.
Gradle will primarily accept dependency declarations in the form of a single string, with each dependency coordinate separated by a colon.

Below are examples of the deprecated multi-string notation:

====
[.multi-language-sample]
=====
.build.gradle.kts
[source,kotlin]
----
dependencies {
    implementation(group = "org", name = "foo", version = "1.0")
    implementation(group = "org", name = "foo", version = "1.0", configuration = "conf")
    implementation(group = "org", name = "foo", version = "1.0", classifier = "classifier")
    implementation(group = "org", name = "foo", version = "1.0", ext = "ext")
}

testing.suites.named<JvmTestSuite>("test") {
    dependencies {
        implementation(module(group = "org", name = "foo", version = "1.0"))
    }
}
----
=====
[.multi-language-sample]
=====
.build.gradle
[source,groovy]
----
dependencies {
    implementation(group: 'org', name: 'foo', version: '1.0')
    implementation(group: 'org', name: 'foo', version: '1.0', configuration: 'conf')
    implementation(group: 'org', name: 'foo', version: '1.0', classifier: 'classifier')
    implementation(group: 'org', name: 'foo', version: '1.0', ext: 'ext')
}

testing.suites.test {
    dependencies {
        implementation(module(group: 'org', name: 'foo', version: '1.0'))
    }
}
----
=====
====

These declarations should be replaced with the single-string notation:

====
[.multi-language-sample]
=====
.build.gradle.kts
[source,kotlin]
----
dependencies {
    implementation("org:foo:1.0")
    implementation("org:foo:1.0") {
        targetConfiguration = "conf"
    }
    implementation("org:foo:1.0:classifier")
    implementation("org:foo:1.0@ext")
}

testing.suites.named<JvmTestSuite>("test") {
    dependencies {
        implementation("org:foo:1.0")
    }
}
----
=====
[.multi-language-sample]
=====
.build.gradle
[source,groovy]
----
dependencies {
    implementation("org:foo:1.0")
    implementation("org:foo:1.0") {
        targetConfiguration = "conf"
    }
    implementation("org:foo:1.0:classifier")
    implementation("org:foo:1.0@ext")
}

testing.suites.test {
    dependencies {
        implementation("org:foo:1.0")
    }
}
----
=====
====

In some cases, a complete single-string notation may not be known up front.
Instead of concatenating the coordinates into a new string, it is possible to use a link:{javadocPath}/org/gradle/api/artifacts/dsl/DependencyFactory.html[`DependencyFactory`] to create `Dependency` instances directly from the individual components:

====
[.multi-language-sample]
=====
.build.gradle.kts
[source,kotlin]
----
val group = "org"
val artifactId = "foo"
val version = "1.0"

configurations.dependencyScope("implementation") {
    dependencies.add(project.dependencyFactory.create(group, artifactId, version))
}
----
=====
[.multi-language-sample]
=====
.build.gradle
[source,groovy]
----
def group = "org"
def artifactId = "foo"
def version = "1.0"

configurations.dependencyScope("implementation") {
    dependencies.add(project.dependencyFactory.create(group, artifactId, version))
}
----
=====
====

[[reporting_extension_file]]
==== Deprecation of `ReportingExtension.file(String)`

The link:{javadocPath}/org/gradle/api/reporting/ReportingExtension.html#file(String)[`file()` method] on `ReportingExtension` has been deprecated and will be removed in Gradle 10.0.0.

Instead, use `ReportingExtension.getBaseDirectory()` with `file(String)` or `dir(String)`.

[[reporting_extension_api_doc_title]]
==== Deprecation of `ReportingExtension.getApiDocTitle()`

The link:{javadocPath}/org/gradle/api/reporting/ReportingExtension.html#getApiDocTitle()[`getApiDocTitle()` method] on `ReportingExtension` has been deprecated and will be removed in Gradle 10.0.0.

There is no direct replacement for this method.

[[set-all-jvm-args]]
==== Deprecation of `JavaForkOptions.setAllJvmArgs()`

The link:{javadocPath}/org/gradle/process/JavaForkOptions.html#setAllJvmArgs(java.util.List)[`setAllJvmArgs()` method] on `JavaForkOptions` and, by inheritance, on `JavaExecSpec` has been deprecated and will be removed in Gradle 10.0.0.

Instead, to overwrite existing JVM arguments, use:

* `JavaForkOptions.jvmArgs()`
* `JavaForkOptions.setJvmArgs()`
* Provide a <<incremental_build.adoc#sec:task_input_nested_inputs,`CommandLineArgumentProvider`>> to add arguments via `JavaForkOptions.getJvmArgumentProviders()`

Note that link:{javadocPath}/org/gradle/process/JavaForkOptions.html#setAllJvmArgs(java.util.List)[`setAllJvmArgs()` method] on `JavaForkOptions` cleared all fork options before setting `jvmArgs`.
The properties cleared included:

* System properties configured via `JavaForkOptions.systemProperties`
* JVM argument providers configured via `JavaForkOptions.jvmArgumentProviders`
* Argument providers configured via `JavaExecSpec.argumentProviders`
* Memory settings configured via `JavaForkOptions.minHeapSize` and `JavaForkOptions.maxHeapSize`
* All other JVM arguments configured via `JavaForkOptions.jvmArgs`
* The assertion and debug flags configured via `JavaForkOptions.enableAssertions` and `JavaForkOptions.debug`

If the arguments you provide to `setJvmArgs()` or `jvmArgs()` depend on any of the above properties being cleared, you will need to manually clear them.

Consider the following snippets for examples of how to implement this change:

====
[.multi-language-sample]
=====
.build.gradle.kts
[source, kotlin]
----
plugins {
    id("java")
}

tasks.register<JavaExec>("myRunTask") {
    jvmArgumentProviders.clear() // Clear existing JVM argument providers
    maxHeapSize = null // Clear max heap size
    jvmArgs = listOf("-Dfoo", "-Dbar") // Set new JVM arguments
}
----
=====
[.multi-language-sample]
=====
.build.gradle
[source, groovy]
----
plugins {
    id("java")
}

tasks.named('myRunTask', JavaExec) {
    jvmArgumentProviders.clear() // Clear existing JVM argument providers
    maxHeapSize = null // Clear max heap size
    jvmArgs = ["-Dfoo", "-Dbar"] // Set new JVM arguments
}
----
=====
====

[[archives-configuration]]
==== Deprecation of `archives` configuration

The `archives` configuration added by the <<base_plugin.adoc#base_plugin,`base` plugin>> has been deprecated and will be removed in Gradle 10.0.0.
Adding artifacts to the `archives` configuration will now result in a deprecation warning.

If you want the artifact to be built when running the `assemble` task, add the artifact (or the task that produces it) as a dependency on `assemble`:

.build.gradle.kts
[source,kotlin]
----
val specialJar = tasks.register<Jar>("specialJar") {
    archiveBaseName.set("special")
    from("build/special")
}

tasks.named("assemble") {
    dependsOn(specialJar)
}
----

[[deprecate-visible-property]]
==== Deprecation of the `Configuration.visible` property

Prior to Gradle 9.0.0, any configuration with `isVisible()` returning `true` would implicitly trigger artifact creation when running the `assemble` task.
This behavior was removed in Gradle 9.0.0, and the `Configuration.visible` property no longer has any effect.
The property is now deprecated and will be removed in Gradle 10.0.0.
You can safely remove any usage of `visible`.

If you want the artifacts of a configuration to be built when running the `assemble` task, add an explicit task dependency on `assemble`:

.build.gradle.kts
[source,kotlin]
----
val specialJar = tasks.register<Jar>("specialJar") {
    archiveBaseName.set("special")
    from("build/special")
}

configurations {
    consumable("special") {
        outgoing.artifact(specialJar)
    }
}

tasks.named("assemble") {
    dependsOn(specialJar)
}
----

[[deprecated-gradle-build-non-string-properties]]
==== Deprecation of non-string `projectProperties` in `GradleBuild` task

The `GradleBuild` task now deprecates using non-String values in `startParameter.projectProperties`.
While the type is declared as `Map<String, String>`, there was no strict enforcement, allowing non-String values to be set.
This deprecated behavior will be removed in Gradle 10.0.0.

If you are using non-String values in project properties, convert them to `String` representation:

====
[.multi-language-sample]
=====
.build.gradle.kts
[source,kotlin]
----
val myIntProp = 42

tasks.register<GradleBuild>("nestedBuild") {
    startParameter.projectProperties.put("myIntProp", "$myIntProp") // Convert int to String
}
----
=====
[.multi-language-sample]
=====
.build.gradle
[source,groovy]
----
def myIntProp = 42

tasks.register('nestedBuild', GradleBuild) {
    startParameter.projectProperties.put('myIntProp', "$myIntProp") // Convert int to String
}
----
=====
====

[[toolchain-project-properties]]
==== Deprecation of project properties for toolchain configuration

In previous versions of Gradle, you could configure toolchains using <<build_environment.adoc#sec:project_properties, project properties>> on the command line with the `-P` flag.
For example, to disable toolchain auto-detection, you could use `-Porg.gradle.java.installations.auto-detect=false`.
This behavior is deprecated and will be removed in Gradle 10.0.0.
Instead, you should specify these settings as <<build_environment.adoc#sec:gradle_configuration_properties, Gradle properties>> using the `-D` flag:

[source,text]
----
-Dorg.gradle.java.installations.auto-detect=false
----

